| Implementation |
Implemented by user-level software using a thread library provided by the operating system (OS) as an API |
Directly handled by the OS through the kernel |
| Speed |
Generally faster than kernel-level threads |
May have more overhead and be slower compared to user-level threads |
| Representation |
Represented by the program counter, stack, registers, and PCB (Process Control Block) |
Each thread has its own context provided by the kernel, containing information like name, group, and priority |
| Thread Management |
Managed, synchronized, and created using thread library functions in user space |
Managed directly by the kernel |
| Context Switching |
Context switching is faster as it involves user-level operations |
Context switching may involve kernel operations, potentially slower |
| Examples |
Examples include POSIX threads, Mach C-Threads, and other user-level thread libraries |
Examples include Java threads, POSIX threads, and other threads managed directly by the kernel |
