What are the main reasons for setup or hold time violations?

Main reasons for setup or hold time violations

• Design issues.
• High clock slope.
• Capacitance coupling.
• Very fast transition from the output of flip-flop A to the input of the flip-flop.
• Sharp clock skew rate causes a first clock edge delay before the second clock edge. The alignment of the two clock edges is not synchronized.

Which factors decide setup time and hold time?

The set-up time and hold time are calculated by the input data slope, clock slope, and output load