Voltage Pulses on Power Lines Voltage spikes or short pulses are frequent occurrences on power lines, varying in duration and…
GASKETS AND APERTURE CLOSURE Gaskets play a vital role in sealing apertures and are often crafted from conductive materials that…
Electromagnetic Wave Interaction with Apertures An aperture refers to an opening in a conductive surface, such as a ventilation hole,…
Reflection of Electromagnetic Waves at Conductive Surfaces Electromagnetic waves experience reflection when encountering a conductive surface. Total reflection occurs if…
High-Frequency Effects and Radiated Energy For inductors or capacitors in circuits, the field energy must be returned to the circuit…
POYNTING’S VECTOR The transfer of energy between two conductors necessitates the presence of both a magnetic (H) and an electric…
Dielectric Two parallel conducting plates are separated by a dielectric, an insulating material commonly used in capacitors, such as Mylar,…
Thick-field threshold voltages depend on factors such as conductor material, oxide thickness, crystal orientation, doping levels, and processing conditions. Processes…
P-type (100) Substrate CMOS integrated circuits start with a P-type (100) substrate heavily doped with boron to minimize substrate resistivity…
The fabrication sequence for standard bipolar integrated circuits begins with the starting material, which is a lightly doped (111)–oriented P-type…