Second Order Effects in cmos

Second Order Effects in CMOS

Second-order effects in CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) technology refer to non-ideal behaviors that develop as a result of the physical constraints of the circuit’s used components. The second Order Effect of CMOS is an unwanted effect in CMOS, which is the following.

• Channel Length Modulation
• Hot-Carrier Effects
• Mobility Degradation
• Temperature Dependence
• Threshold Voltage
• Velocity Saturation