Large-Signal Model
A large-signal model is a representation used in the analysis of electric circuits, focusing on voltages and currents that are considered to be above the low-signal category. The distinction between low-signal and large-signal models is essential because the behavior of circuits, especially semiconductors, is influenced by the relative amplitudes of the signals involved. Large-signal models are particularly useful for understanding circuit characteristics when signal levels are near the maximum allowable levels for devices.
In terms of Transistor
Transistor models rely on the large-signal model to predict performance and characteristics during times when maximum signal levels are applied and maximum output is being drawn. The large-signal nonlinear models are major for designing mechanisms to reduce distortion and noise output at the highest signal levels.
In large-signal modeling, many characteristics of the active device change. For example, as more power is dissipated, the temperature increases, leading to changes in gain and leakage currents for most transistors. Active devices are designed with mechanisms to prevent undesirable states, such as thermal runaway, where bias currents progress into a situation of excessive power absorption. Properly implemented additional resistors in the active device terminals can compensate for these changes through negative feedback.
What is Forward Bias?
The forward voltage drop in a diode, which is the voltage across the diode when the cathode is negative and the anode is positive, is considered in both small-signal and large-signal models. In the large-signal model, as the diode approaches the maximum allowable forward currents, the actual forward voltage drop increases considerably.
What is Reverse Bias?
In the reverse bias, where a diode has a positive cathode and a negative anode, there is minimal conduction in both small- and large-signal models. The large-signal model for a reverse-biased diode primarily focuses on the reverse breakdown voltage, which can cause irreversible damage to the positive-negative (P-N) junction of the diode if the diode is allowed to absorb power.
Large-signal models play a major role in understanding and predicting the behavior of electronic circuits, especially when operating near maximum signal levels.